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  1. Ask the Expert

Comparing Warm-Box Binders’ VOC Emissions

Nov. 30, 2014
A new lab method resolves the risk of over- and under-estimating actual data Labs must replicate “use” Established methods’ shortcomings Comparing LOI on cured and dried cores
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Graph illustrating the emissions sources from warm-box coremaking.
Q:Our metalcasting operation must switch to a different warm-box binder system.  However, the regulatory agency requires comparative data for the VOC emissions of our existing binder system with the new binder system.  What laboratory testing can estimate the VOC emissions associated with the use of warm-box binders?A:Several different laboratory tests are available to estimate the VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions associated with the use of materials.  To provide an accurate comparison, the laboratory method must represent how the product is used.  To illustrate this, U.S. EPA Method 24 is a widely used laboratory procedure to estimate VOC emissions.  This procedure involves measuring weight loss when a thin film of the material is baked in a forced-air oven at elevated temperatures. 

U.S. EPA Method 24 also allows subtraction of water and other volatile components that are “VOC exempt.”  Unfortunately, U.S. EPA Method 24, while very good at mimicking the use of fingernail polish and many surface coatings, does not represent foundry binders chemically curing.  As such, in laboratory testing U.S. EPA Method 24 will significantly overestimate the actual VOC emissions when foundry binders are used. 

This being the case, the OCMA VOC Method was developed to measure VOC emissions more accurately for many foundry binder systems.  This is also a method for determining weight loss, but this time involved mixing the binder components with sand and letting them cure. 

Unfortunately, the VOC emissions of warm-box binder systems cannot be estimated accurately by either of these two common methods.  Two factors — 1) volatile components in the warm-box binders that react to non VOC-cured polymers, and 2) water present in the binder systems — create difficulties for both common laboratory methods for VOC emission estimates.  U.S. EPA Method 24 will grossly over estimate the VOC emissions of warm-box binder systems and the OCMA Method will underestimate the VOC emissions, often resulting in negative VOC emissions. 

A new laboratory method for VOC estimates suitable for warm-box binder systems is available, and should be applied.  This new method involves carefully making cured warm-box cores and then measuring the standard Loss on Ignition (LOI) of the fully cured and dried cores.  The VOC estimated emission is related to the LOI of the core compared to the amount of binder and catalyst in the sand mix. 

Quite a few corrections will need to be applied and considered when running this test.  The LOI of the sand, the water content of the binder system, and the water produced during curing are some of the corrections.   When run on typical warm-box resin system this new laboratory method for VOC emissions will predict about 0.8 to 0.9 pounds of VOC emissions for every 1,000 pounds of mixed sand.  The VOC emissions estimated include VOC emissions from sand mixing, coremaking, and core storage.  Additional VOC emissions at casting are not included in this test method. 

For comparison, when U.S. EPA Method 24 is run the VOC emissions estimate is about 6.75 pounds of VOC per 1,000 pounds of mixed sand, and the OCMA VOC Method gives negative values for VOC emissions if corrected for water content. 

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